Mental Health Conditions: Understanding Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, OCD, PTSD, and Personality Disorders

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, primarily affects an individual's mood. Those with this diagnosis are likely to experience periods of manic or hypomanic episodes (feeling high) and depressive episodes (feeling low), which may also include some psychotic symptoms. While everyone experiences mood variations, in bipolar disorder, these mood swings can be extremely intense and significantly impact daily life. In between episodes, individuals might have stable periods with fewer symptoms.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a condition where individuals may exhibit a lack of interest in activities, feel disconnected from their emotions, have difficulty concentrating, and prefer to avoid social interactions. Symptoms can include hallucinations (such as hearing voices or seeing things others do not), delusions (including paranoid delusions and strong beliefs not shared by others), disorganised thinking in speech, and a reluctance to maintain personal hygiene.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder. While some may casually refer to being "a bit OCD" about neatness, the reality is much more complex and serious. OCD consists of two main components:

• Obsessions: Unwanted thoughts, images, urges, worries, or doubts that repeatedly appear in the mind.
• Compulsions: Repetitive activities performed to reduce the anxiety caused by the obsessions.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) involves frequently reliving a traumatic event through nightmares and flashbacks. Those affected may experience feelings of isolation, irritability, and guilt. Additionally, PTSD can lead to sleep disturbances such as insomnia and difficulties with concentration. These symptoms are often severe and persistent, significantly impacting day-to-day life.

Personality Disorders

Personality disorders are mental health problems where attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours cause long-standing issues in life. A diagnosis does not imply that someone is fundamentally different from others, but rather that they may frequently experience difficulties with self-perception and interactions with others, making it challenging to alter these patterns. There are several categories and types of personality disorders, but many individuals do not fit neatly into a single category. The term "personality disorder" can seem judgemental, making it a controversial diagnosis. Some psychiatrists oppose its use, and many people find other ways to describe their experiences more helpful.