Understanding Autism: Characteristics and Support Strategies

What is Autism?

Autism is a lifelong developmental disability. It is not a learning disability or a mental health problem, but some individuals with autism may have accompanying learning disabilities, learning difficulties, or mental health issues. Autism is a spectrum condition, meaning it affects individuals differently.

Theory of Mind and Autism

Theory of Mind refers to the concept that many autistic individuals struggle to understand that other people have their own plans, thoughts, and points of view. They may also find it difficult to comprehend others' beliefs, attitudes, and emotions. For example, they might become upset when someone cannot answer their question, as they assume others share their knowledge.

Communication Challenges

Individuals with autism often have difficulty interpreting and understanding both verbal and non-verbal language, such as gestures or tone of voice. They tend to take language very literally. For example, if someone says, "It is raining cats and dogs," an autistic person might think animals are falling from the sky. They may also struggle with facial expressions, tone of voice, jokes, and sarcasm. Some individuals might have limited speech or be non-verbal.

Alternative Communication Methods

Alternative communication methods can benefit individuals with autism, such as Makaton signing, British Sign Language (BSL), or visual symbols. Communication can be effective without speech, often demonstrated through behaviour.

Social Interaction Styles

People with autism exhibit different social interaction styles:

• Aloof and Indifferent: These individuals are generally cut off from social contact. If they engage, it is needs-led and passive.
• Passive but Accepting: They do not initiate social interaction but respond appropriately to others' social initiatives.
• Active but Odd: These individuals make spontaneous approaches to others but in a peculiar, naive, and one-sided way.
• Stilted and Over-Formal: Their speech lacks natural rhythm, normal inflection, and can be very stilted and formal.

Social Skills and Communication

Autistic individuals often lack social skills, making effective communication difficult. This can lead to disagreements and conflicts due to misinterpreted social cues. They may struggle to listen actively, show empathy, and manage relationships, often resulting in social isolation. Many prefer their own company and may avoid social situations due to past negative experiences.

Supporting Individuals with Autism

Clear Communication

Providing clear instructions helps avoid misunderstandings. Advance warnings about changes can reduce stress and allow time for planning.

Establishing Boundaries

Setting clear boundaries provides safety and security. Explain these boundaries in simple, easy-to-understand terms. Be mindful of using literal language to prevent confusion. Phrases like "Pull your socks up" or "Cat's got your tongue" should be avoided as they might be taken literally.

Creating a Safe Space

Agree on a place of safety and location before any difficulties arise. This helps manage stress and provides a secure environment.